Assessment of Exposure for Pesticide Handlers in Agricultural, Residential and Institutional Environments

INTRODUCTION 14 PESTICIDE CATEGORIES 15 PESTICIDE HANDLERS 15 Agricultural Pesticide Handlers 15 Tasks Performed by an Individual 16 Factors Affecting Exposure 16 Residential and Institutional Pesticide Handlers 18 Families of Pesticide Handlers 19 STUDY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 20 Worker Stratification 21 Routes of Exposure 21 Respiratory Exposure 21 Dermal Exposure 21 Sampling Strategy Selection 21 Statistical Analysis 22 PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS 22 PESTICIDE EXPOSURE MONITORING METHODS 23 Passive Dosimetry 23 Estimation of Respiratory Exposure 23 Estimation of Dermal Exposure 23 Surrogate Skin Techniques 23 Chemical Removal Techniques 25 Fluorescent Tracer Techniques 27 Estimation of Exposure to Children in the Home 27 Biological Monitoring 28 Urinary Metabolite Monitoring 28 Salivary Monitoring 29 VALIDATION OF PASSIVE DOSIMETRY 30 Atrazine 30 Chlorpyrifos 31 USE OF PHARMACOKINETIC DATA 31 EXPOSURE MITIGATION MEASURES 33